10 Things You May Not Know About the SpaceX IPO
The biggest stock market debut in history is just days away. Here’s what the headlines are missing.
1. It’s Not Just a Rocket Company
SpaceX merged with Elon Musk’s AI company, xAI, which also owns X (formerly Twitter), just four months before going public. SpaceX is part rocket company, part satellite internet provider, part AI lab, and part social media platform—all under one ticker: SPCX.
2. SpaceX Wants to Put Data Centers in Space
One of SpaceX’s most ambitious and least-known projects is the development of space-based data centers. The goal is to build massive AI computing platforms in orbit, powered by near-continuous solar energy and connected through Starlink’s high-speed satellite network.
3. It Lost Nearly $5 Billion Last Year
Despite a hoped-for $1.75 trillion valuation, SpaceX posted a net loss of $4.9 billion in 2025. Investors are betting heavily on the company’s future—one the company itself acknowledges relies on “unproven technologies or technologies that do not exist.”
4. Starlink Is the Real Money Maker
Starlink, the company’s satellite internet arm, generated $11.4 billion in revenue in 2025 with profit margins above 60%. It’s the cash cow funding everything else. Meanwhile, the xAI and X segment burned through $6.4 billion in operating losses last year.
5. Musk Controls 80% of the Vote
There are two classes of shares. Musk’s Class B shares carry 10 votes each, while the Class A shares being sold to the public carry just one. Musk can unilaterally approve mergers, set his own pay, and override the board—indefinitely.
6. Only 4.3% of Shares Are Going Public
The IPO will raise $75 billion at a $1.75 trillion valuation, meaning only about 4.3% of the company will initially be available for public trading. With such a small float, investor demand could have an outsized impact on the share price, potentially leading to significant volatility.
7. Tesla Owns a Piece of SpaceX
Tesla invested roughly $2 billion in xAI, an investment that converted into SpaceX shares through the merger. Tesla now holds about $3.7 billion worth of SpaceX stock. Two separate public companies, both run by Musk, now partially own each other.
8. The U.S. Government Is a Major Customer
Starlink holds a $1.8 billion contract with the National Reconnaissance Office, much of which remains classified, and its government-only unit, Starshield, is believed to hold billions more in classified deals. Musk’s companies have received more than $38 billion in government funding since 2003.
9. No S&P 500 Inclusion Anytime Soon
Despite its enormous size, SpaceX won’t be eligible for inclusion in the S&P 500 anytime soon. S&P Dow Jones Indices requires newly public companies to trade for at least 12 months before consideration. Companies must also meet profitability requirements, including positive GAAP earnings over the most recent four quarters.
10. One Rocket Has Flown 34 Times
SpaceX has completed around 650 orbital launches, and more than 540 used a previously flown booster. One specific Falcon 9 booster has flown 34 times. This level of reusability is a major reason SpaceX can undercut competitors on launch costs and maintain industry-leading margins.
What This Means for Ultra-High-Net-Worth Investors
For investors with significant, concentrated portfolios, the SpaceX IPO presents a unique set of opportunities—and risks—that require a more nuanced lens than standard market analysis provides.
Concentration & Governance Risk: Musk’s 80% voting control means SPCX behaves less like a public company and more like a controlled private asset with a liquid wrapper. For portfolios exposed to Tesla, xAI, or X, the cross-ownership creates hidden concentration that standard diversification models won’t capture.
Tax & Liquidity Planning: The 12-month S&P 500 exclusion window, combined with expected volatility from the small float, creates potential tax-loss harvesting windows and options premium opportunities for sophisticated investors willing to be patient and tactical.
Geopolitical & Government Dependency: With over $38 billion in government funding and classified contracts across Starlink and Starshield, SpaceX’s revenue base is deeply entwined with U.S. defense and intelligence priorities. Investors with existing government contract exposure should evaluate potential regulatory scrutiny carefully.
Disclaimer: Pitcairn Wealth Advisors LLC (“PWA”) is a registered investment adviser with its principal place of business in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Registration does not imply a certain level of skill or training. Additional information about PWA, including our registration status, fees, and services is available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. This material was prepared solely for informational, illustrative, and convenience purposes only and all users should be guided accordingly. All information, opinions, and estimates contained herein are given as of the date hereof and are subject to change without notice. PWA and its affiliates (jointly referred to as “Pitcairn”) do not make any representations as to the accuracy, timeliness, suitability, completeness, or relevance of any information prepared by any unaffiliated third party, whether referenced or incorporated herein, and takes no responsibility thereof. As Pitcairn does not provide legal services, all users are advised to seek the advice of independent legal and tax counsel prior to relying upon or acting upon any information contained herein. The performance numbers displayed to the user may have been adversely or favorably impacted by events and economic conditions that will not prevail in the future. Past investment performance is not indicative of future results. The indices discussed are unmanaged and do not incur management fees, transaction costs, or other expenses associated with investable products. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Projections are based on models that assume normally distributed outcomes which may not reflect actual experience. Consistent with its obligation to obtain “best execution,” Pitcairn, in exercising its investment discretion over advisory or fiduciary assets in client accounts, may allocate orders for the purchase, sale, or exchange of securities for the account to such brokers and dealers for execution on such markets, at such prices, and at such commission rates as, in the good faith judgment of Pitcairn, will be in the best interest of the account, taking into consideration in the selection of such broker and dealer, not only the available prices and rates of brokerage commissions, but also other relevant factors (such as, without limitation, execution capabilities, products, research or services provided by such brokers or dealers which are expected to provide lawful and appropriate assistance to Pitcairn in the performance of its investment decision making responsibilities). This material should not be regarded as a complete analysis of the subjects discussed. This material is provided for information purposes only and is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to purchase an interest or any other security or financial instrument.
Pitcairn - Software as a Service in the Age of AI
Digital Infrastructure for Today’s Economy
Ultra-high-net-worth investors are increasingly asking a fundamental question about artificial intelligence and software as a service (SaaS): If AI can write code, automate workflows, and reduce human labor, what ultimately protects the value of the SaaS companies we own?
The answer is becoming clearer. AI is unlikely to eliminate software as an investment category, but it will force a sharper distinction between companies that function as mission-critical infrastructure and those that operate as replaceable productivity tools. The difference matters because the long-term winners are likely to be the platforms deeply embedded in the operational core of enterprises’ businesses, which customers cannot easily remove without introducing financial, regulatory, or operational risk.
Mission-Critical Infrastructure, Not Optional Tools
For sophisticated investors, this transition should not be viewed simply as another technology cycle. It is more accurately understood as a reclassification of software itself. The strongest software businesses are increasingly resembling infrastructure assets: recurring, deeply integrated, operationally essential, and capable of compounding value across multiple economic and technological cycles.
This is not the first time software has undergone a structural shift. The industry previously navigated the transition from perpetual licenses to subscription-based SaaS models. At the time, investors worried about margin pressure, changes to revenue recognition, and slowing growth. Yet companies that adapted successfully emerged with stronger recurring revenue profiles, higher retention rates, and significantly more durable cash flows.
Today’s transition is technologically different but economically familiar. Software is evolving from selling access to tools toward delivering measurable business outcomes. Rather than charging primarily for seats or users, many platforms are beginning to monetize completed work such as invoices processed, claims reviewed, threats identified, or workflows automated. In practice, the near-term model will likely blend recurring subscription revenue with usage- or outcome-based pricing.
For long-term investors, this shift could ultimately expand software’s addressable market by allowing platforms to absorb functions that historically relied on labor rather than technology.
Why Infrastructure-Like Software Matters More Now
The recent correction across software valuations has created understandable caution. However, a broad retreat from the sector risks missing an important distinction: AI may weaken superficial applications while simultaneously strengthening deeply embedded enterprise platforms.
The strongest SaaS businesses increasingly operate as systems of record or systems of action across functions such as compliance, financial reporting, healthcare administration, cybersecurity, billing, and customer management. Replacing these systems is rarely a simple technology decision. In many organizations, doing so would require extensive data migration, operational retraining, regulatory review, security validation, and acceptance of meaningful business disruption risk.
That dynamic creates unusually durable customer relationships. For investors accustomed to evaluating long-duration assets, the characteristics are familiar: recurring revenues, high switching costs, embedded utility, and resilient pricing power.
This is one reason why software should not be analyzed solely through the lens of short-term AI disruption narratives. Many enterprise platforms are not merely tools employees happen to use; they are foundational operational environments around which entire businesses function.
Proprietary Context May Become More Valuable Than Code
One of the market’s most common assumptions is that if AI makes code generation easier, software moats inevitably weaken. That conclusion may prove too simplistic.
As code becomes easier to replicate, the truly scarce asset may shift from the software itself to the proprietary context in which it is used. The most durable companies are often distinguished not by lines of code, but by years of accumulated workflow expertise, customer-specific integrations, regulatory knowledge, governance infrastructure, and operational trust.
This distinction is especially important for ultra-high-net-worth investors evaluating both public and private market opportunities. Many AI-native businesses can demonstrate impressive technical capabilities early in their lifecycle. Far fewer possess the enterprise relationships, implementation depth, or institutional trust required to become long-term systems of record.
In enterprise environments, the challenge is rarely just building functionality. The challenge is achieving reliability, governance, accountability, and adoption at scale.
Trust Becomes a Competitive Advantage in the AI Era
Trust is likely to become one of the defining competitive advantages in enterprise software over the next decade.
General-purpose AI systems are inherently probabilistic. Enterprise operations often require deterministic, auditable outcomes. Payroll systems, healthcare workflows, financial reporting, cybersecurity platforms, and insurance claims processing cannot operate effectively on outputs that are merely “mostly correct.”
This reality benefits incumbent platforms that have spent decades building governance frameworks, compliance systems, auditability, and security controls. As AI increasingly shifts from assisting human decision-making to executing workflows autonomously, these trust layers may become even more valuable.
For investors focused on preserving and compounding capital across generations, this matters significantly. Durable enterprise trust is difficult to replicate quickly, even in an environment where product development accelerates dramatically.
AI Could Deepen Existing Moats
Importantly, AI is not solely a disruptive force. For many established platforms, it may become a mechanism for strengthening competitive positioning.
A company that already controls a mission-critical workflow can embed AI directly into existing systems, improving speed, efficiency, and customer outcomes without requiring clients to replace foundational infrastructure. In many cases, this deepens workflow dependency rather than weakening it.
Over time, that dynamic could expand addressable markets and shift monetization models toward value-based pricing tied directly to productivity gains or operational outcomes. Investors should not underestimate how meaningful this could become for high-quality software franchises with strong customer retention and disciplined management teams.
Where the Greatest Risks Exist
Not every SaaS company is positioned equally well for this transition. Businesses most exposed to AI disruption are often those that rely on relatively thin functionality, limited workflow ownership, or user-interface differentiation without deeper operational integration. AI can compress product cycles rapidly, making it increasingly difficult for narrowly focused applications to maintain defensible competitive advantages.
Companies dependent on pure seat-based pricing may also face pressure if AI reduces the number of human users required to perform certain tasks while simultaneously increasing compute and infrastructure costs.
For investors in both public and private markets, this may lead to a far wider dispersion between durable software compounders and businesses whose economics prove more fragile than previously assumed.
Conclusion: AI Is Likely to Clarify Which Software Businesses Are Truly Indispensable
AI is unlikely to end software. More likely, it will reveal which SaaS companies are genuinely indispensable.
The strongest businesses in the AI era will probably share several characteristics: mission-critical workflows, deep operational integration, trusted governance frameworks, proprietary context, strong customer retention, and the ability to evolve monetization models alongside technological change.
For ultra-high-net-worth investors, the key question is no longer simply which companies “have AI.” The more important question is which companies possess the operational gravity, trust, and infrastructure-like characteristics necessary to remain essential as AI reshapes how work gets done.
Those are the software franchises most likely to continue compounding value through the next phase of the digital economy.
Disclaimer: Pitcairn Wealth Advisors LLC (“PWA”) is a registered investment adviser with its principal place of business in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Registration does not imply a certain level of skill or training. Additional information about PWA, including our registration status, fees, and services is available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. This material was prepared solely for informational, illustrative, and convenience purposes only and all users should be guided accordingly. All information, opinions, and estimates contained herein are given as of the date hereof and are subject to change without notice. PWA and its affiliates (jointly referred to as “Pitcairn”) do not make any representations as to the accuracy, timeliness, suitability, completeness, or relevance of any information prepared by any unaffiliated third party, whether referenced or incorporated herein, and takes no responsibility thereof. As Pitcairn does not provide legal services, all users are advised to seek the advice of independent legal and tax counsel prior to relying upon or acting upon any information contained herein. The performance numbers displayed to the user may have been adversely or favorably impacted by events and economic conditions that will not prevail in the future. Past investment performance is not indicative of future results. The indices discussed are unmanaged and do not incur management fees, transaction costs, or other expenses associated with investable products. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Projections are based on models that assume normally distributed outcomes which may not reflect actual experience. Consistent with its obligation to obtain “best execution,” Pitcairn, in exercising its investment discretion over advisory or fiduciary assets in client accounts, may allocate orders for the purchase, sale, or exchange of securities for the account to such brokers and dealers for execution on such markets, at such prices, and at such commission rates as, in the good faith judgment of Pitcairn, will be in the best interest of the account, taking into consideration in the selection of such broker and dealer, not only the available prices and rates of brokerage commissions, but also other relevant factors (such as, without limitation, execution capabilities, products, research or services provided by such brokers or dealers which are expected to provide lawful and appropriate assistance to Pitcairn in the performance of its investment decision making responsibilities). This material should not be regarded as a complete analysis of the subjects discussed. This material is provided for information purposes only and is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to purchase an interest or any other security or financial instrument.
Pitcairn - The AI Valuation Gap
Is Your Legacy Business Being Discounted?
For decades, the gold standard of a successful family business was simple: consistent earnings, clean books, and a longstanding excellent reputation. But as we move through 2026, the goalposts have shifted.
Today, when a private equity firm or strategic buyer looks at a privately held enterprise, they aren’t just looking at your past performance, they are auditing your “technical debt.”
Failing to integrate artificial intelligence isn’t just an operational oversight anymore; it’s a valuation killer. We are seeing a widening valuation gap where innovative, tech-enabled firms command a premium, while traditional firms, regardless of their history, are being hit with significant discounts.
The Rise of the “AI-Adjusted” Multiple
The market is increasingly bifurcated. According to PwC’s 2025 Global Family Business Survey, while 61% of family firms see AI as a growth opportunity, only a fraction has moved beyond experimentation. This creates a massive opportunity for those who act, and a liability for those who wait.
In the current deal environment, buyers are looking for AI-defensible margins. If your growth requires hiring 10 people for every $10M in revenue, but a competitor uses agentic workflows to achieve that same growth with only two hires, your business is viewed as a high-risk, low-efficiency asset.
Why Buyers Are Discounting Legacy Firms
When an exit planning advisor prepares a business for sale, they look for “value detractors.” In 2026, three specific AI-related factors are driving price:
- Labor Dependency Risk: A business that relies solely on manual, human-heavy processes is vulnerable to wage inflation and talent shortages. Buyers now view a lack of automation as a “repair cost” they will have to fund post-acquisition, and they will deduct that cost from your purchase price.
- The “Tribal Knowledge” Trap: In many family firms, 30 years of expertise is trapped in the founder’s head or manual spreadsheets. Deloitte’s 2026 research highlights that 52% of leading family businesses are now using technology to institutionalize this knowledge. If your “secret sauce” isn’t digitised, it has zero value to a buyer once you walk out the door.
- Data Liquidity: Buyers pay a premium for “clean data.” If your customer records and operational logs are fragmented and unorganized, you are essentially selling an “analog” asset in a digital world.
Bridging the Gap Before the Exit
The good news is that you don’t need to become a tech company to close this gap. You simply need to demonstrate “AI readiness.”
Strategic buyers in 2026, who deployed over $300 billion in Q1 alone, according to Crunchbase, are looking for “platform plays.” They want to see that your business can scale. By implementing even basic AI-driven efficiencies in your back office or customer service, you pivot your company’s profile from a “stable lifestyle business” to a “scalable platform.”
Your Last Act of Stewardship
Exit planning is the final act of stewardship for a family business owner. Protecting your legacy means ensuring the business is fit to thrive in the next era.
Don’t leave 15–20% of your valuation on the table because of outdated infrastructure. By addressing your AI strategy today, you aren’t just chasing a trend, you are securing the maximum reward for a lifetime of work. The valuation gap is real, but for the proactive founder, it is a gap that can be bridged to ensure a lucrative and lasting legacy.
Disclaimer: Pitcairn Wealth Advisors LLC (“PWA”) is a registered investment adviser with its principal place of business in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Registration does not imply a certain level of skill or training. Additional information about PWA, including our registration status, fees, and services is available on the SEC’s website at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. This material was prepared solely for informational, illustrative, and convenience purposes only and all users should be guided accordingly. All information, opinions, and estimates contained herein are given as of the date hereof and are subject to change without notice. PWA and its affiliates (jointly referred to as “Pitcairn”) do not make any representations as to the accuracy, timeliness, suitability, completeness, or relevance of any information prepared by any unaffiliated third party, whether referenced or incorporated herein, and takes no responsibility thereof. As Pitcairn does not provide legal services, all users are advised to seek the advice of independent legal and tax counsel prior to relying upon or acting upon any information contained herein. The performance numbers displayed to the user may have been adversely or favorably impacted by events and economic conditions that will not prevail in the future. Past investment performance is not indicative of future results. The indices discussed are unmanaged and do not incur management fees, transaction costs, or other expenses associated with investable products. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Projections are based on models that assume normally distributed outcomes which may not reflect actual experience. Consistent with its obligation to obtain “best execution,” Pitcairn, in exercising its investment discretion over advisory or fiduciary assets in client accounts, may allocate orders for the purchase, sale, or exchange of securities for the account to such brokers and dealers for execution on such markets, at such prices, and at such commission rates as, in the good faith judgment of Pitcairn, will be in the best interest of the account, taking into consideration in the selection of such broker and dealer, not only the available prices and rates of brokerage commissions, but also other relevant factors (such as, without limitation, execution capabilities, products, research or services provided by such brokers or dealers which are expected to provide lawful and appropriate assistance to Pitcairn in the performance of its investment decision making responsibilities). This material should not be regarded as a complete analysis of the subjects discussed. This material is provided for information purposes only and is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to purchase an interest or any other security or financial instrument.
Why inflation often feels higher than it actually is, by HQ Trust
In this article, Dr. Michael Heise, Chief Economist at HQ Trust, discusses why “perceived inflation” often exceeds the official figures, what role consumer habits play in this, and what it means for monetary policy in Europe and the United States – at a time when inflation rates are sitting at around 2 percent, a level that appears moderate on paper, yet feels anything but to many people.
The inflation rate is around 2%. Nevertheless, many people perceive inflation to be very high. How does that fit together, Dr. Heise?
Measured inflation is actually relatively moderate, but inflation has developed very differently in the various product groups. As a result, many consumers perceive inflation to be higher than the official figure.
Where was this particularly the case?
Most recently, this may have been the case for consumers who have a high proportion of service expenditures. For example, for services in the hotel and restaurant sector, for social services, or even for insurance – to name just a few areas in which prices have risen sharply.
Then there must also be areas that are well below the 2% mark.
There are: household energy, for example, is actually slightly cheaper than a year ago, and commercial goods are only moderately above that. However, many consumers are often less aware of these reductions because the underlying products are either purchased less frequently or the price reductions, for example in energy consumption, only become noticeable later in the annual bill.
So perceived inflation is strongly linked to purchasing behaviour?
That’s right. Price declines for durable goods such as electronics or household appliances have less of an impact on perceived inflation because they are purchased relatively infrequently. Daily consumer goods, on the other hand, have a high perceived impact. People who regularly consume coffee, cocoa, or chocolate notice price increases significantly. But even in this area, not all prices are moving in the same direction: cooking oils and alcoholic beverages were recently cheaper than a year ago. Of course, it also depends heavily on individual habits.
Are central banks interested in this perception?
Yes, absolutely. Although perceived inflation is subjective by definition, it can have real consequences. If consumers expect higher inflation in the long term, this can be reflected in rising wage demands and higher prices. ECB surveys show that perceived inflation in the euro area has been well above official figures for around a year. And there is currently little reason to believe that this will change in the short term.
What do you expect for monetary policy in the euro area?
There is currently no reason to change interest rates. The economy is on a slight upward trend and inflation is stable at close to the medium-term target of 2%, even if many consumers feel otherwise.
So the ECB’s cycle of interest rate cuts is likely to be over?
I assume so. The expectations of interest rate cuts that appeared in financial market prices at times have now completely disappeared. Stability is likely to become the new credo of interest rate policy in 2026. It is quite possible that the deposit rate of 2% will still apply at the end of 2026.
What would have to happen for things to turn out very differently?
There has been speculation on the markets about interest rate hikes. However, these would require significantly negative surprises in inflation. I currently see little sign of this. With moderate wage growth overall, slightly better productivity, and massive competition—including from suppliers in China—there is no threat of strong inflation.
Are US consumers also complaining about rising living costs?
Yes, and the reasons are similar to those in Europe: everyday goods – especially food and restaurant prices – have become significantly more expensive. At the same time, however, consumers in the United States are less aware of the simultaneous decline in prices for durable goods. And that drives perceived inflation above the measured rate.
How do you assess inflation in the US?
The impact of tariffs is clearly visible, especially for goods with a high import quota such as electronics, clothing, and furniture. Overall, however, the effect is less than expected. This is due to numerous exemptions, adjusted supply chains, and the fact that exporters and importers initially reduced their margins in order to maintain market share.
The US Federal Reserve expects the inflationary effect of tariffs to ease over time…
Yes, the effect is likely to subside in the course of 2026. In the first half of the year, however, companies with reduced margins are still expected to make up for price increases. This is also indicated by companies’ price expectations.
In that case, the Fed’s scope for interest rate cuts is probably not particularly large.
I expect inflation to be between 2.5 and 3 percent at the end of 2026 – slightly higher than the Fed assumes. In this environment, more than one interest rate cut is very unlikely.
Pitcairn - Changing Your Tax Domicile Requires More Than a Change of Address
Where you live continues to play a meaningful role in how much you pay in taxes — and in how confidently you can plan for major life and liquidity events. High tax states such as California, New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut remain aggressive in defending their tax bases, while lower tax states continue to attract wealthy individuals and families with the flexibility to relocate. For individuals anticipating retirement, a business sale, or another significant taxable event, changing tax domicile can be a powerful planning tool — but only if it is done carefully and correctly.
In 2026, state tax policy remains fluid. Several states are actively exploring new revenue measures aimed at high net worth individuals, reinforcing the importance of proactive, well documented residency planning rather than last minute moves.
Why a Domicile Change Requires Careful Planning
Changing your tax residency involves far more than filing a change of address. States evaluate both intent and behavior, often years after a move, and audits can be intrusive and time consuming. Before making a relocation decision, it is important to evaluate:
The impact on your family and lifestyle – Proximity to family, healthcare, travel access, schools, and community ties.
The full tax picture – Income, capital gains, estate or inheritance taxes, property taxes, sales taxes, and local levies.
Your broader wealth plan – Trust structures, asset protection strategies, business interests, and charitable planning may all need to be updated to reflect your new state’s laws.
The most successful domicile changes are coordinated well in advance and aligned with long term personal and financial goals.
Understanding Domicile and Statutory Residency
For state tax purposes, residency is generally established in one of two ways:
- Domicile is your true, fixed, and permanent home — the place you intend to return to whenever you are away.
- Statutory residency is triggered in many states if you maintain a home there and spend 183 days or more in the state during the year, regardless of your stated domicile.
Once established, domicile continues until you both abandon the former state and affirmatively establish a new permanent home elsewhere. Spending too much time in your former state — or maintaining significant ongoing ties to a church or synagogue, for example — can undermine an otherwise legitimate move.
Establishing (and Defending) a New Domicile
States focus on patterns of behavior, not just the number of days spent in a locale. Successfully changing domicile typically requires consistent evidence across several dimensions. Here are some primary and secondary factors.
Primary (Lifestyle) Factors
- Purchasing or leasing and occupying a residence in the new state
- Relocating a spouse and children under the age of 18, and family pets
- Moving personal possessions of significance
- Establishing social, civic, religious, and professional connections
- Reducing business and personal activity in the former state
Secondary (Administrative) Factors
- Updating driver’s licenses, voter registration, and vehicle registrations
- Changing mailing addresses for financial institutions and tax filings
- Updating estate planning documents to comply with the new
state’s laws
Equally important is terminating your prior domicile. States often challenge residency changes when taxpayers appear to maintain “two lives.” Demonstrating a clear shift — spending materially more time in the new state than anywhere else — is critical.
Timing Matters — Especially Around Liquidity Events
In 2026, states continue to aggressively pursue taxes tied to business sales, IPOs, stock options, and deferred compensation. Even after a move, a former state may assert that income was earned while you were still a resident. This is even more significant in states that start the part-year return with federal income.
As a result, it is often advisable to complete a domicile change in the tax year before a major taxable event. This reduces the risk of sourcing disputes and strengthens your position if audited.
California Spotlight: The Proposed Billionaire Tax Act
California remains a focal point for residency scrutiny. Looking ahead to November 2026, a proposed Billionaire Tax Act may appear on the statewide ballot. While details remain subject to change, proposals under discussion would impose additional taxes on billionaires, potentially including wealth-based or exit-style components. Even in its proposed form, the measure has heightened attention on California residency audits and long-term presence in the state. For individuals with substantial wealth, concentrated equity positions, or upcoming liquidity events, this uncertainty underscores the importance of early planning and defensible documentation when considering a domicile change away from California.
Making the Move with Confidence
Where you choose to live is one of the most consequential intersections of family, lifestyle, and wealth planning. As state tax policies continue to evolve in 2026, the value of professional guidance cannot be overstated. Coordinating with your Pitcairn Team and qualified local advisors can help ensure your domicile change is well planned, well timed, and well documented, so that wherever you call home, your wealth plan continues to support your long-term goals.
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Pitfalls to Avoid
- Don’t initiate a move without fully considering all financial and lifestyle implications.
- Don’t go it alone. Changing tax residency is a complex process that affects multiple aspects of your wealth plan. Experienced professional guidance can help you avoid pitfalls.
- Don’t assume that no state income tax always means a lower total tax bill. Every state has to pay its bills. Get help to assess the entire tax picture.
- Don’t spend 183 days or more in a state other than your declared domicile.
- Don’t mistime your move. A liquidity event, maturing stock options, or other sources of taxable income may require careful timing for your change of residency.
- Don’t apply for any tax rebates or property tax relief in your prior state if they are contingent on residency.
- Don’t retain membership in any organization in your previous state for which residency is a requirement.
HQ Trust - The importance of dividends for investment success
Dividends are just the icing on the cake in good stock market years, but they cannot save you in bad ones: Are dividends really so unimportant for investment performance? An analysis by Pascal Kielkopf comes to a different conclusion.
HQ Trust’s capital markets analyst has split the annual returns of the MSCI ACWI equity index into two parts: Pascal Kielkopf determined the annual share of price changes and dividends in the annual performance of the global equity barometer for the period from 1970 to September 2024. He then calculated the performance contribution of dividends.
- “Over the past 55 years, dividends have contributed around a quarter of investors’ investment success”.
- “Since 1969, dividends have contributed an average of 23% to the performance of the MSCI ACWI.”
- “The tech rally has diminished the importance of dividends less than many might think: Over the past decade, the dividend component has averaged 19.5%.”
- “Dividends have managed to turn investment returns positive four times: 1976, 1978, 1992 and 2007.”
- “In these four years, the performance portion of the payout averaged 76.5%.”
What investors can learn:
- “Investors should not underestimate dividends. Although the focus is often on capital gains, dividends also make a significant contribution to the long-term performance of equity indices.”
- “In turbulent markets, dividends can provide more stability: there have been years when dividends have largely or even completely offset losses from price falls.”
- “To take full advantage of dividends, a long-term investment strategy with continuous reinvestment of dividends is advantageous.”
- “Due to the compounding effect, dividends can grow into a substantial asset over time.”
Dividends

"Chart of the Month" by HQ Trust: Who is currently investing in gold - and who is selling?
It rises and rises and rises: The price of gold has been rising steadily for many months. Who is responsible for this: Investors? Central banks? The jewelry industry? Shijiao You has analyzed who is driving up the price of the precious metal with their purchases – and who is currently selling gold.
The analyst from HQ Trust’s Strategic Asset Allocation division looked at net gold investments in bars and coins, ETFs and similar products, the purchases and sales of global central banks – but also the proportion that is in demand from the jewellery industry and the technology sector. Shijiao You’s analysis starts in the first quarter of 2010 and ends in March 2024, using the net investments in gold per quarter and the average gold price in dollars in the corresponding months.
Looking at the development of gold demand from 2010 to the end of the first quarter of 2024, Shijiao You says:
“On average, gold demand has increased by 6.5% per year over the past 14 years. The gold price in dollars increased by 5% per year over the same period.”
“Demand from the jewelry and technology sectors has declined slightly in relative terms over this period but is still around 50%.”
“The share of gold investments is now only around 16%. In the first quarter of 2010, it was still 27%.”
“In contrast, net purchases by central banks have grown strongly. The share of demand here has almost quadrupled to 23%.”
This is how Shijiao You assesses the latest developments:
“The world’s central banks have recently bought significantly more gold. Their investments are at their highest level since the beginning of the observation period.”
“According to data from the World Gold Council (WGC), Russia, China, India and Turkey in particular have significantly increased their gold reserves in recent decades.”
“Overall net inflows into bars and coins have also reached a new ten-year high. It is striking that net purchases of bars and coins in China have recently increased significantly.”
“Investments in ETFs and similar products developed very dynamically during the analysis period. However, since Q4/2020 – with the exception of Q1/2022 – only net outflows have been observed in ETFs overall.”
“According to the WGC data, ETF net purchases in this period came predominantly from Asian countries, while net outflows were almost exclusively from North America and Europe.”

"Chart of the Month" by HQ Trust: The best time to buy shares
Right at the beginning of the month? In the middle? At the end of the month? Or does it not matter in the long term on which day investors buy shares or have their savings plan executed? Pascal Kielkopf did the maths and came to a clear conclusion.
The capital market analyst from HQ Trust analysed the average daily returns of equity indices such as the MSCI ACWI, the German benchmark index DAX and the US S&P 500 index. As the same pattern could be observed for these stock market barometers, the presentation is limited to the market-wide, global equity index MSCI ACWI. Pascal Kielkopf’s analysis covers the period from January 1972 to May 2024.
– ‘On average, the MSCI ACWI has risen by 0.8% per month since 1972.’
– ‘If you look at an average month, this “model month” consists of three phases.’
– ‘At the beginning of the “sample month”, prices rise. Towards the middle of the month there is a slight downward trend, after which prices rise again.’
Pascal Kielkopf offers a possible explanation for the weakness shortly after the middle of the month:
– ‘Most important economic data such as inflation or unemployment figures are published in the first and last days of a month. This also applies to many company figures.’
– ‘The period shortly after the middle of the month, on the other hand, is usually somewhat less news-rich, which could be used by investors to take profits.’
– ‘This is also when the futures markets regularly expire. Shortly after the so-called ‘Triple Witching Day‘, many traders adjust their positions, which often leads to increased volatility.’
What should investors do?
– ‘In theory, an investor who was always invested from the 25th of a month to the 18th of the following month would have done best.’
– ‘On average, his return would have been 0.9 % per month. What sounds like a marginal difference would have made a significant difference in the long term.’
– ‘However, investors should not forget transaction costs and taxes in this analysis – and above all the fact that it is only a sample month and all periods are different in reality.’
– ‘Investors should therefore execute their savings plans when the money is available. For example, shortly after they have received their salary or pension. Regardless of whether this is the beginning, middle or end of the month.’
– ‘Waiting several days or weeks before doing so will cost more in returns than it brings – and such timing also contradicts the long-term nature of a savings plan.’

"Chart of the Month" by HQ Trust: Why rebalancing is so important

When diversifying their investments, many investors rely on the so-called 60/40 portfolio, in which 60% of assets are invested in equities and 40% in bonds. As their prices move differently, the respective ratios naturally also change. Pascal Kielkopf has analysed whether it makes sense to regularly return to the starting ratios.
The capital market analyst from HQ Trust calculated the performance of two investors, one of whom rebalances his portfolio annually and returns to the 60/40 ratio. The other, on the other hand, relies on Kostolany’s sleeping pills and simply lets things take their course. Pascal Kielkopf used the global indices MSCI ACWI and the Bloomberg Global Aggregate for bonds to calculate the return and the equity and bond ratios. His analysis covers the period from the beginning of 2000 to April 2024.
– “At first glance, the differences in performance are not that great, but they are all the greater when looking at the equity and bond ratios.”
– “The investor who rebalances annually achieved growth of 4.7 % per year. 100,000 euros would have become 306,000 euros.”
– “For the investor who did not change his quotas, the annual increase was 4.3 %. In this case, the 100,000 euros would have become 280,000 euros.”
– “However, the differences in the risk content of the portfolio were all the greater: without rebalancing, the equity ratio fluctuated between 32 and 70 per cent. With annual adjustment, the ratio also fluctuated during the year, but the interval between 46 and 66 per cent was significantly smaller.”
– “Whether equities or bonds ultimately achieved the slightly better return in this analysis depends on the period of the calculation and is not so relevant: Investors should rather make sure that their risk budgets are not massively overshot or undershot.”
With regard to a sufficient diversification of assets, Pascal Kielkopf says.
– “In principle, a portfolio with 2 asset classes is of course better than a portfolio that only focuses on equities or bonds. However, we recommend much broader diversification.”
– “When investing in several asset classes, regular rebalancing is even more important, otherwise the portfolio could become overly dominated by the asset classes that have performed well over time.”
Would more frequent rebalancing have brought additional benefits?
– “With regular rebalancing, whether quarterly or monthly, the investment ratios stick closely to the initial targets.”
– “However, allowing the investment ratios to “breathe” during the year has even had a positive effect on performance in the past.”
– “Even in view of the significantly higher fees, more frequent rebalancing would not have been worthwhile.”
"Chart of the Month" from HQ Trust: What credit spreads tell us about the attractiveness of corporate bonds
As they generally have a higher default risk than governments, companies have to offer more interest on their bonds. However, Pascal Kielkopf took a closer look at the fact that this risk premium can vary greatly over time – and what this means for investors’ return expectations.
The capital market analyst from HQ Trust first examined the credit spread of the Bloomberg Global Corporate Bond Index. This shows the premium that issuers of corporate bonds have to pay compared to government bonds.
– “Since 2000, the premium that issuers of corporate bonds have had to offer investors has averaged around 1.4%.”
– “However, there are big differences: when the capital markets are calm, the spread is well below one percent.”
– “In crises, on the other hand, it shoots up. Then confidence falls and issuers have to offer significantly more to place their bonds. During the financial crisis, this spread was sometimes more than 5 %.”
– “The spread is currently 1.1 %. Investors can therefore only expect a small additional return from corporate bonds compared to government bonds.”
However, credit spreads do not say much about the additional income realized. The analyst calculated how these turned out over one-year periods, taking into account the level of credit spreads. The analysis covers the period from October 2000 to February 2024.
– “Over the entire period, the average premium that investors were able to earn with corporate bonds was 0.7% p.a.”
– “As a general rule, the higher the spread, the higher the realized returns.”
– “As there can be significant deviations in both directions, especially with high spreads, a broad diversification across government and corporate bonds is advisable.”
And where does the relatively large difference between the excess returns expected in the credit spreads and the one-year returns actually realized come from?
– “The spread doesn’t just refer to one year, but to the entire remaining term of the bonds. This is currently 6 years on average.”
– “If the spread falls, this means that the prices of corporate bonds rise. Conversely, an increase in the spread leads to a fall in prices.”
– “The realized return therefore depends not only on the spread, but also on how it changes over time.”

"Chart of the Month" From HQ Trust: The free riders of the Magnificent 7
Many investors are probably sick of hearing that the shares of the Magnificent 7 have had a great run in recent months. But which stocks have actually benefited from the tech boom in their shadow? And who performed in the opposite direction? Pascal Kielkopf took a conscious look at the second row – and the other end of the spectrum.
The capital market analyst from HQ Trust calculated the weekly returns of the Bloomberg Magnificent 7 Index, which contains the shares of Apple, Nvidia, Alphabet, Meta, Amazon, Tesla and Microsoft equally weighted – as well as the returns of all other shares in the S&P 500 – for the period from the beginning of January 2023 to the end of January 2024. He then determined the respective correlations.
– “Unsurprisingly, it is mainly technology stocks that are closely linked to the performance of the Big 7.”
– “19 of the 20 stocks with the highest correlation to the Magnificent 7 are from the semiconductor or software segment.
– “The only exception in the top 20 is lithium producer Albemarle.”
At the bottom of the table, among the stocks with the most negative correlation to the Magnificent 7, there are far more sectors:
– “The 20 stocks that have moved most strongly in the opposite direction to the Magnificent 7 come from 6 different industry groups.”
– “However, the 6 companies with the highest negative correlation include 5 insurance companies: Hartford, Allstate, Chubb, Travelers and Globe Life.”
– “The top 20 include a number of well-known companies, such as brand giants Johnson & Johnson and Colgate-Palmolive, oil giant Exxon Mobil and Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway.”
However, some companies also developed differently to the majority of their sector:
– “Within the technology sector, there are also companies with a negative correlation to the Magnificent 7: especially traditional companies such as IBM, Motorola or HP.”
– “There are also free riders in the financial sector, such as Coinbase, MSCI and Moody’s.”

"Chart of the Month" From HQ Trust: Private equity - The mounting pressure to sell
Over the past year, a clear trend has emerged: private equity managers are holding onto their investments for longer. The average holding period of US-based private equity owned companies exceeded 3 years for the first time in a decade.
Benedikt Pfeuffer, Co-Head of Private Equity at HQ Trust, provides insight into the underlying causes of this development and offers his view of what the future holds. In his analysis Benedikt Pfeuffer pays particular attention to the median holding period, as well as the proportion of shareholdings that have been in private equity ownership for more than five years and hence exceed the typical private equity investment duration.
Commenting on the current situation, Benedikt Pfeuffer says:
- “The median holding period of portfolio companies held by US-buyout funds has increased by 6 months, reaching a total holding duration of 3.3 years.”
- “The proportion of companies which have been held by private equity managers for more than five years has increased to 31% – reaching a 10-year high.”
- “Pricing disparity between buyers and sellers, loan underwriting hesitance from banks as well as high cost of capital, contributed to 2023 transaction volumes lagging behind record-breaking deal-making in 2021 and 2022.”
- “Although private equity managers benefit from comparatively lower acquisition prices in the current environment, they are not prepared to sell at these prices.”
Will the situation change over the course of the coming year?
- “The expected interest rate cuts and the associated valuation increases suggest a rebound of M&A transaction volume in 2024.”
- “In addition, we are seeing early signs from US-banks that their willingness to provide financing is growing again.”
- “Meanwhile, managers are coming under increasing pressure to sell their portfolio companies: investors continue to express their clear preference for liquidity and realisation of returns.”
Will Private Equity remain an attractive investment opportunity?
- “Subject to the selection of good managers, we expect private equity to continue to generate attractive returns in the long term.”
- “At HQ Trust, we rely on experienced managers who focus on implementing operational value enhancement strategies that are less dependent on the state of capital markets (financing and valuation levels) for generating returns.”
- “Current examples of this are buy-and-build strategies (buying a platform company and acquiring further smaller companies which complement the platform), corporate carve-outs (spinning out divisions from major corporations) or organic growth by internationalising companies.”
Private equity: the mounting pressure to sell












